Pioneers of Colour: Fulhame and Somerville’s Protophotography

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Pioneers of Colour: Fulhame and Somerville’s Protophotography

Douglas, Caroline (2023) Pioneers of Colour: Fulhame and Somerville’s Protophotography. In: Colour Matters 2023, 6-8 December 2023, Trinity College, University of Oxford.

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Creators/Authors:

Douglas, Caroline

Abstract:

This paper takes two women of science, Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794) and Mary Somerville (1780– 1872) and explores their contribution to the field of colour in proto and early photography. Both Fulhame and Somerville have been overlooked as inventors of the medium. As marginalised women in the sciences, they were gendered intruders whose works represent disruptive case studies in colour in early photography. This paper explores their output and sets it against the silences of the archive, where colour photochemical experiments exist today only in written word (Fulhame), or in unfoliated colour anthotypes test strips (Somerville). In bringing research and art practice together it asks if re-enactment can become a method for critical inquiry. How might re-enacting chemical, optical and sun bleaching experiments lead to new findings and understandings of early colour photographic processes? In the artistic recreation of their experiments, a physical encounter emerges. So too does a methodology that can perhaps offer us an understanding of the perception and experience of colour and photo chemicals in this earliest of periods – seven decades before James Clerk Maxwell’s declaration of colour photography. By revisiting and re-enacting Fulhame and Somerville, this paper presents some of the invisibilities of women’s work in colour in early photography.

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Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)

Additional Information:

When discussing colour, it is customary to say that the topic has long been shunned or marginalized in academic study, especially in the humanities. But the past two decades have seen the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field marked by the publication of a wealth of colour-focused studies and the organization of major conferences dedicated to the histories of polychrome practice in art, architecture or textile heritage. Building on Michel Pastoureau’s and John Gage’s pioneering work, these new perspectives on colour bring together the visual arts, chemistry, physics, archaeology, archaeometry, anthropology, social history, and even literature, to unveil hitherto neglected aspects of the culture of colour. No longer seen as superficial or secondary (Batchelor 2000), colour now evidently matters. And yet, contrary to Pastoureau’s and Gage’s cultural histories, many of these works (Roque 2009, Eaton 2013, Doran 2013, Ribeyrol 2016, Durgan 2018, Kalba 2018, Gaskill 2018, Rossi 2019, Conquer 2019, Dootson 2023) focus on the long nineteenth century only. The period was indeed a crucial moment in the history of ‘modern’ colour as the industrial revolution turned into a ‘colour revolution’ (Blaszczyk 2012). This revolution was notably brought about by the invention of new synthetic pigments, dyes and colour technologies (such as chromolithography) which radically changed the perception and production of colours for all sections of society in Europe and beyond, as well as the status of colour itself (Loske 2021). Thanks to technological innovation in heritage science (in particular the continuous development of non-invasive analytical methods) it is now possible to characterize the new colour substances and techniques introduced during this key period without compromising the physical integrity of the objects studied (Carlyle 2001, Townsend et al. 2004). Growing interest in nineteenth-century colour is closely tied to materiality understood as referring both to changing colouring materials and to the diverse forms of the embodied observer’s sensuous responses when seeing, handling, tasting, hearing or smelling chromatic matter (Young 2018, Howes 2022). Drawing on the material turn in the humanities as well as on interdisciplinary methodologies interweaving art historical approaches and heritage science, this conference will bring together scholars working on the long nineteenth century to explore how new approaches to chromatic matter can shed light on what happened to colour during this period. Discussions will aim to bridge the gap between concreteexperimentations with colour (whether industrial, scientific, technical or artistic) and more abstract reflections on the chromatic (in philosophy, aesthetics, literature, psychology and/or anthropology). This major international event is part of the ERC-funded CHROMOTOPE project (2019-2024), which analyses the artistic and literary impact of the invention of the first aniline dyes across Europe. It is scheduled to coincide with the exhibition ‘Colour Revolution: Victorian Art, Fashion and Design’ (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 21 September 2023 – 18 February 2024), which will show how the chromatic innovations of the second half of the nineteenth century transformed the arts and culture of Britain and its Empire.

Uncontrolled Keywords:

Colour, dyeing, materiality of 19th-century colour, anthotypes, early photography, Mary Somerville, Elizabeth Fulhame

Schools and Departments:

School of Fine Art

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