The broad range of temperatures occupied in buildings globally shows the amazing ability of people to adjust themselves, and their environments, to stay comfortable and healthy. However, it is well known that some people are more at risk of adverse health effects in hot conditions, particularly the elderly and the young who may have less-than-optimal ability to adequately self-regulate their body temperature in the face of more extreme conditions. In this workshop there were two presentations focussed on the thermal comfort and adaptive capacity of such sub-populations in different climatic and geographic regions.