Radiographic anatomy is a substantial feature of undergraduate diagnostic radiography (DR) education. To understand the spatial complexities of anatomy, 3D models and digital interactions are commonly used as teaching tools, with Virtual Reality (VR) facilitating the combination of both. DR students have a myriad of VR applications for clinical simulation, but few focus on radiographic anatomy. This research aimed to develop a fully immersive VR
learning resource to enhance anatomy learning of DR students. Using CT angiogram data from Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
(LTHTR), accurate 3D models of the lower limb skeleton were digitally reconstructed and imported into Unity. A fully immersive VR application was developed for Meta Quest 3.

The application facilitates hand interactions and contains anatomically accurate models. It also quizzes students and provides instant feedback to foster knowledge acquisition. 20 DR students participated in user testing. Through validated usability and presence questionnaires, this application proved to be an efficient anatomy learning tool (SUS M = 75.88; ITC-SOPI ecological validity M = 3.94, engagement 4.05, negative effect M = 1.71, spatial presence M = 4.02). Analysis from a bespoke questionnaire suggested that the application can help 1st year students to acquire equivalent amount of knowledge than more
mature students (2nd year) who have only studied using conventional 2D non-immersive content.

This research provides evidence of efficiency of the application in terms of usability and engagement. It is the first application designed exclusively for DR students to be tested with validated usability and perceived presence questionnaires, both of which had positive results.